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this is how to calculate the chain ladder and credibility method by using excel.
TRANSCRIPT
0 1 2 3 4
1994 580,222 499,679 240,001 133,601 54,912
1995 494,534 499,293 192,227 159,007
1996 551,136 509,075 238,245
1997 648,031 664,188
1998 746,003
STEP 1: DEVELOP A TABLE OF CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS
0 1 2 3 4
1994 580,222 1,079,901 1,319,902 1,453,503 1,508,415
1995 494,534 993,827 1,186,054 1,345,061
1996 551,136 1,060,211 1,298,456
1997 648,031 1,312,219
1998 746,003
m1/0 = 1.955
m2/1 = 1.214
m3/2 = 1.117
m4/3 = 1.038
minf/4 = 1.112
0 1 2 3 4
1994 580,222 1,079,901 1,319,902 1,453,503 1,508,415
1995 494,534 993,827 1,186,054 1,345,061 1,395,876
1996 551,136 1,060,211 1,298,456 1,450,070 1,504,853
1997 648,031 1,312,219 1,592,954 1,778,956 1,846,163
1998 746,003 1,458,645 1,770,707 1,977,464 2,052,170
1395876 = 1345061 * m4/3 1450070 = 1298456 * m3/2
PAYMENTS ($) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEARYEAR OF
ORIGIN
CHAIN-LADDER METHOD WITHOUT INFLATION ADJUSTMENT
STEP 3: FILL IN THE BLANKS (yellow)
-->(1,453,503 + 1,345,061) / (1,319,902 + 1,186,054 )
--> (1,508,415/1,453,503)
--> (1,079,901 + 993,827 + 1060211+1312219) / ( 580,222+494,534 +551,136+648,031)
--> (1319,902 + 1,186,054 + 1,298,456)/ (1,079,901+993,827+1,060,211)
1504853 = 1450070 * m 4/3
1592954 = 1312219* m2/1
--> (1,677,402/1508415)
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS ($) UP TO AND INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT YEAR
STEP 2: RATIO OF THE TOTAL CLAIMS SETTLED
YEAR OF
ORIGIN
YEAR OF
ORIGIN
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS ($) UP TO AND INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT YEAR
*First fill in
the yellow
blanks
1846163 = 1778956 * m4/3
1778956 = 1592954*m3/2
STEP 4: OUTSTANDING CLAIM PROVISION
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Total 3,028,006
YEAR OF
ORIGIN
OUTSANDING CLAIM
PROVISION ($)
168,987
207,194
374,984
740,769
1,536,071
*next compute the estimated total liability (blue)
*Calculate Outstanding Claim estimate (green)
2052988 = 1846163 * m inf/4
2282074 = 2052170 * m inf/4
374984 = 11673440 - 1298456
740769 = 2052988 - 1312219
1536071 = 2282074 - 746003
1552255 = 1395876 * m inf/4
1673440 = 1504853 * m inf/4
207,194 = 1552255 - 1345061
168,987
168,987 1,677,402 *to get value for estimated totalliability
= 168,987 + 1,508,415
168,987 1,677,402
207,194 1,552,255
374,984 1,673,440
740,769 2,052,988
1,536,071 2,282,074
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
ESTIMATED TOTAL
LIBILITY ($)
-->(1,453,503 + 1,345,061) / (1,319,902 + 1,186,054 )
--> (1,508,415/1,453,503)
See AlsoFM14: SG Dynamo Dresden - Im Herzen Vereint!RICS on LinkedIn: Welcome to new RICS members in Europe, ASEAN, North Asia, Americas…6,025,000+ jobs in United States--> (1,079,901 + 993,827 + 1060211+1312219) / ( 580,222+494,534 +551,136+648,031)
--> (1319,902 + 1,186,054 + 1,298,456)/ (1,079,901+993,827+1,060,211)
1592954 = 1312219* m2/1
--> (1,677,402/1508415)
ESTIMATED TOTAL
LIBILITY ($)
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
1458645 = 746003 * m1/0
1770707 = 1458645* m2/1
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
ESTIMATED TOTAL
LIBILITY ($)
1846163 = 1778956 * m4/3
1778956 = 1592954*m3/2
1977464 = 1770707*m3/2
2052170 = 1977464 * m4/3
2052988 = 1846163 * m inf/4
2282074 = 2052170 * m inf/4
374984 = 11673440 - 1298456
740769 = 2052988 - 1312219
1536071 = 2282074 - 746003
1552255 = 1395876 * m inf/4
1673440 = 1504853 * m inf/4
207,194 = 1552255 - 1345061
INFLATION RATES OVER THE PERIOD 1999-2003
1994 11.00% 1.11
1995 12.00% 1.12
1996 10% 1.1
1997 15.00% 1.15
1998 10% 1.1
FUTURE INFLATION 20% 1.2
0 1 2 3
1994 580,222 1,079,901 1,319,902 1,453,503
1995 494,534 993,827 1,186,054 1,345,061
1996 551,136 1,060,211 1,298,456
1997 648,031 1,312,219
1998 746,003
0 1 2 3
1994 580,222 499,679 240,001 133,601
1995 494,534 499,293 192,227 159,007
1996 551,136 509,075 238,245
1997 648,031 664,188
1998 746,003
STEP 1: DEVELOP AN INFLATION-ADJUSTED PAYMENTS TABLE (ASSUMEPAYMENT MADE MID YR)
0 1 2 3
1994 1,003,733 778,740 333,961 169,005
1995 770,721 694,766 243,167 174,908
1996 766,906 643,980 262,070
1997 819,759 730,607
1998 820,603
YEAR OF ORIGINPAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) IN DEVELOPMENTYEAR
CHAIN-LADDER METHOD WITH INFLATION ADJUSTMENT
YEAR OF ORIGIN
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS (RM) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
YEAR OF ORIGIN
PAYMENTS ($) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
INFLATION RATES OVER THE PERIOD 1999-2003
11.00% 1.11 4
12.00% 1.12 5
10% 1.1 6
15.00% 1.15 7
10% 1.1 8
FUTURE INFLATION 20% 1.2
*Calculation :
770721 = 494534*1.12*1.1*1.15*1.1 694766 = 499293*1.1*1.15*1.1
766906 = 551136 * 1.1*1.15*1.1 643980 = 509075*1.15*1.1
819759= 648031*1.15*1.1 730607 = 664188*1.1
820603 = 746003* 1.1
STEP 2: DEVELOP A TABLE OF CUMULATIVE INFLATION-ADJUSTEDPAYMENTS
0 1 2 3
1994 1,003,733 1,782,473 2,116,435 2,285,440
1995 770,721 1,465,488 1,708,655 1,883,562
1996 766,906 1,410,886 1,672,955
1997 819,759 1,550,366
1998 820,603
Example : column 1 Column 2
1782473 = 1003733 + 778740
1465488 = 770721 + 694766
*To get value for estimated total liability =
m1/0 = 1.847
m2/1 = 1.180
m3/2 = 1.090
m4/3 = 1.026
minf/4 = 1.072
0 1 2 3
1994 1,003,733 1,782,473 2,116,435 2,285,440
1995 770,721 1,465,488 1,708,655 1,883,562
1996 766,906 1,410,886 1,672,955 1,823,370
1997 819,759 1,550,366 1,829,633 1,994,135
1998 820,603 1,515,953 1,789,022 1,949,872
STEP 3: RATIO OF THE TOTAL CLAIMS SETTLED
YEAR OF ORIGIN
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) TO DEVELOPMENTYEAR
STEP 4: FILL IN THE BLANKS
778740 = 499679 *1.12*1.1*1.15*1.1
YEAR OF ORIGIN
1999
1003733 = 580222 * 1.11*1.12*1.1*1.15*1.1
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) TO DEVELOPMENTYEAR
2000
2001
2002
2003
2116435 = 1782473+333961
1708655 = 1465488 + 243167
168987+2345843 = 2514830
STEP 5: SEPARATE THE CONSTANT-DOLLAR CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS INTOPAYMENTS BY DEVELOPMENT YEAR
0 1 2 3
1994
1995
1996 150,415
1997 279,267 164,502
1998 695,350 273,069 160,851
0 1 2 3
1994
1995
1996 164,771
1997 305,922 216,243
1998 761,718 358,958 253,732
54533 = 49782 * 1.2^0.5
63349= 48191 * 1.2^1.5
216243 = 164502 * 1.2^1.5 83138 = 52704 * 1.2^2.5
97551 = 51534* 1.2^3.5
11.00% 1.11 4
12.00% 1.12 5
10% 1.1 6
15.00% 1.15 7
10% 1.1 8
20% 1.2 9
YEAR OF ORIGIN
1994
1995 Calculation
1996
1997
OUTSANDING CLAIM PROVISION ($)
266,567
318,165
534,368
1,007,219
164771 = 150415 * 1.2^0.5
FUTURE INFLATION
534368 = 164771+63349+306248
* Example ofCalculation
YEAR OF ORIGINPAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) MADE INDEVELOPMENT YEAR
2003
STEP 6: ALLOW FOR INFLATION AFTER 31/12/98 (PAYMENTS ARE ASSUMEDTO BE MADE ON AVERAGE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT YEAR,AND
THOSE IN THE RANGE 5-INF IN THE MIDDLE OF DEVELOPMENT YEAR7)
318165 = 54533 + 263632
INFLATION RATES OVER THE PERIOD 1999-2003
1999
2000
2001
2002
YEAR OF ORIGINPAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) MADE INDEVELOPMENT YEAR
1998
Total
ASSUME OUTSTANDING CLAIM PROVISIONS ARE EXPECTED TO EARNINTEREST AT 12% PER ANNUM
INTEREST 12% 1.12
0 1 2 3
1994
1995
1996 155,694
1997 289,069 182,438
1998 719,755 302,842 191,131
PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
0 1 2 3
1994
1995
1996 150415
1997 279267 164502
1998 695350 273069 160851
YEAR OF ORIGIN
1994
1995 Calculation
1996
1997
1998
total 3,077,411
228,840
393,044
YEAR OF ORIGIN
1,505,100
OUTSANDING CLAIM PROVISION ($)
200,799
PROVISION REQUIRED AT 31/12/98 TO MEET PAYMENTS DUE INDEVELOPMENT YEAR
1007219 = 305922 + 216243+83138+401916
1943552 = 761718 + 358958+253732+97551+471593
YEAR OF ORIGIN
1,943,552
4,069,872
150415 X (1.2/1.12)^0.5 = 155694
164502 X (1.2/1.12)^1.5 = 182438
160851X (1.2/1.12)^2.5 = 191131
749,628
41,508,415 168,987 1677402
4
54,912 168,987
STEP 1: DEVELOP AN INFLATION-ADJUSTED PAYMENTS TABLE (ASSUMEPAYMENT MADE MID YR)
4
60,403 168,987
PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
CHAIN-LADDER METHOD WITH INFLATION ADJUSTMENT
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS (RM) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
PAYMENTS ($) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
ESTIMATED
TOTAL LIBILITY
($)
ESTIMATED
TOTAL LIBILITY
($)
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
ESTIMATED
TOTAL LIBILITY
($)
169005= 133601*1.15*1.1
243167 = 192227*1.15*1.1 174908= 159007*1.1
262070 = 238245*1.1
4
2,345,843 168,987 2,514,830
4
2,345,843 168,987 2,514,830
1,933,344 2,072,616
1,871,561 2,006,382
2,046,840 2,194,287
2,001,407 2,145,582
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) TO DEVELOPMENTYEAROUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
AT 31/12/98 ($)
ESTIMATED
TOTAL LIBILITY
($)
778740 = 499679 *1.12*1.1*1.15*1.1
60403= 54912*1.1
CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) TO DEVELOPMENTYEAR
2116435 = 1782473+333961
1708655 = 1465488 + 243167
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
ESTIMATED
TOTAL LIBILITY
333961= 24001*1.1*1.15*1.1
STEP 5: SEPARATE THE CONSTANT-DOLLAR CUMULATIVE PAYMENTS INTOPAYMENTS BY DEVELOPMENT YEAR
4
168,987 168,987
49,782 139,272
48,191 134,821
52,704 147,448
51,534 144,175
*139272=2072616-1933344
4
266,567
54,533 263,632
63,349 306,248
83,138 401,916
97,551 471,593
266567 = 168987 *1.2^ 2.5
54533 = 49782 * 1.2^0.5
63349= 48191 * 1.2^1.5
83138 = 52704 * 1.2^2.5 401916 = 147448*1.2^5.5
97551 = 51534* 1.2^3.5 471593= 144175*1.2^6.5
534368 = 164771+63349+306248
PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAR
5-INF
STEP 6: ALLOW FOR INFLATION AFTER 31/12/98 (PAYMENTS ARE ASSUMEDTO BE MADE ON AVERAGE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT YEAR,AND
THOSE IN THE RANGE 5-INF IN THE MIDDLE OF DEVELOPMENT YEAR7)
OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE 5-INF
306248 = 134821*1.2^4.5
263632 = 139272 *1.2^ 3.5
318165 = 54533 + 263632
*134821=2006382-1871561
PAYMENTS (DECEMBER 1998 PRICES) MADE IN DEVELOPMENT YEAROUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
ASSUME OUTSTANDING CLAIM PROVISIONS ARE EXPECTED TO EARNINTEREST AT 12% PER ANNUM
4
200,799
51,529 177,311
53,445 183,905
62,626 215,494
65,610 225,762
4
49782
48191
52704
51534
719755+302842+191131+65610+225762= 1505100
PROVISION REQUIRED AT 31/12/98 TO MEET PAYMENTS DUE INDEVELOPMENT YEAR OUTSTANDING
CLAIM ESTIMATE
1007219 = 305922 + 216243+83138+401916
1943552 = 761718 + 358958+253732+97551+471593
5-INF
155694+53445+183905 = 393044
289069+182438+62626+215494=749628
49782 X (1.2 /1.12)^0.5 = 51529
48191 X (1.2/1.12)^1.5 = 53445
52704 X (1.2/1.12)^2.5 = 62626
51534X (1.2/1.12)^3.5 = 65610
51529+177311=228840
CREDIBILITY
EXAMPLE:
Claim size (RM) Number of claims
0-400 2
400-800 24
800-1200 32
1200-1600 21
1600-2000 10
2000-2400 6
2400-2800 3
2800-3200 1
3200-3600 1
Over 3600 0
Total 100
$(200 X 2/100 + 600 X 24/100 + ..+3400 X 1/100)
$1,216
STEP 2: VARIANCE OF THE OBSERVED CLAIM SIZE DISTRIBUTION
(2002 X 2/100 +6002 X 24/100 + . +34002 X 1/100) - 12162
362,944
STEP 3: MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXPECTED CLAIMS FOR FULLCREDIBILITY
nF = n0 [1 + (std / mean)2]
n0 = y2 / k2
y from normal distribution (eg. 90%, y=1.645)
n0 = y2 / k2 (k= 0.05, P = 0.9)
n0 = y2 / k2 prob 90%, y=1.645
n0 = 1.6452 / 0.052
A SAMPLE OF 100 CLAIMS ON A GENERAL INSURER IN RESPECT OF ACERTAIN CLASS OF BUSINESS IS GIVEN IN TABLE BELOW.
THE CLAIM FREQUENCY RATE IS ABOUT 0.015. CALCULATE THE MINIMUMSIZE OF THE PORTFOLIO IF FULL CREDIBILITY
(k=0.05,P=0.9) IS TO BE ASSIGNED TO THE EXPERIENCE.
STEP 1: MEAN CLAIM SIZE
n0 = 1082
nF = n0 [1 + (std / mean)2] STD / MEAN = 0.5
nF = 1082 [1 + 0.52]
nF = 1353
STEP 4: FIND MINIMUM PORTFOLIO SIZE
IF 0.015, THEN Nf = 1353
THEREFORE, 100% = 1/0.015 * 13453= 90,200 POLOCIES
A SAMPLE OF 100 CLAIMS ON A GENERAL INSURER IN RESPECT OF ACERTAIN CLASS OF BUSINESS IS GIVEN IN TABLE BELOW.
THE CLAIM FREQUENCY RATE IS ABOUT 0.015. CALCULATE THE MINIMUMSIZE OF THE PORTFOLIO IF FULL CREDIBILITY
(k=0.05,P=0.9) IS TO BE ASSIGNED TO THE EXPERIENCE.
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