Selected widely prescribed pharmaceuticals: toxicity of the drugs and the products of their photochemical degradation to aquatic organisms (2024)

J Appl Biomed 22:1-11, 2024|DOI:10.32725/jab.2024.007

Selected widely prescribed pharmaceuticals: toxicity of the drugs and the products of their photochemical degradation to aquatic organisms

Šárka Klementová ^*, Martina Poncarová

University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

Cholesterol-lowering drugs, antidiabetics, antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, and antibiotics belong to the most prescribed drugs worldwide. Because of the manufacture, excretion, and improper disposal of leftover drugs, the drugs enter waste waters and, subsequently, surface waters. They have been detected in surface waters all over the world, from concentrations of ng/l to concentrations several orders of magnitude higher. Since pharmaceuticals are designed to be both biologically and chemically stable, photochemical degradation by sun radiation represents a way of transformation in the natural environment. This review provides a survey of how selected drugs of the above-mentioned classes affect aquatic organisms of different trophic level. The emphasis is on the harmful effects of phototransformation products, an area of scientific investigation that has only attracted attention in the past few years, revealing the surprising fact that products of photochemical degradation might be even more toxic to aquatic organisms than the parent drugs.

Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Photodegradation; Toxicity of photoproducts

Grants and funding:

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.

Conflicts of interest:

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Received: July 19, 2023; Revised: January 31, 2024; Accepted: March 1, 2024; Prepublished online: March 13, 2024; Published: March 15, 2024 Show citation

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